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The United Public Workers of America was an American labor union representing federal, state, county, and local government employees which existed from 1946 to 1952. The union challenged the constitutionality of the Hatch Act of 1939, which prohibited federal executive branch employees from engaging in politics.〔 In ''United Public Workers of America v. Mitchell'', 330 U.S. 75 (1947), the Supreme Court of the United States upheld the Hatch Act, finding that its infringement on the Constitutional rights was outweighed by the need to end political corruption.〔 The union's leadership was Communist, and in a famous purge the union was ejected from its parent trade union federation, the Congress of Industrial Organizations, in 1950.〔 The union is sometimes confused with the United Federal Workers of America (a predecessor union) and the United Office Professional Workers of America (a union of white-collar, private-sector office workers which also belonged to the Congress of Industrial Organizations). ==Status of unions in the U.S. federal government== Workers in federal agencies had formed craft-based unions on the local level beginning in the early 1880s. The growing power of these and other unions in the federal government led President Theodore Roosevelt to issue two Executive Orders (in 1902 and 1906) essentially banning unions in the federal civil service.〔Mayers, ''The Federal Service,'' 1922, p. 548-549.〕 Under Congressional pressure, President William H. Taft made the Executive Orders less onerous in 1912.〔 Unhappy with Taft's refusal to rescind the orders entirely, Congress passed the Lloyd-La Follette Act (§6, 37 Stat. 555, 5 U.S.C. § 7511) on August 24, 1912, declaring establishing the right of federal employees to join unions (albeit not the right for them to bargain collectively).〔Faulkner, ''The Decline of Laissez Faire, 1897-1917,'' 1951, p. 284.〕 Five years later, the American Federation of Labor (AFL) acted to bring the various local unions together to form a single national union, the National Federation of Federal Employees, in September 1917.〔Mayers, ''The Federal Service,'' 1922, p. 552-556.〕 In December 1931, NFFE disaffiliated from the AFL, its national trade union center.〔Lowenberg and Moskow, ''Collective Bargaining in Government: Readings and Cases,'' 1972, p. 57.〕 The break occurred over the AFL's refusal to abandon its support for craft unionism and cease its attacks on industrial unions.〔Hanlan and Weir, ''Historical Encyclopedia of American Labor,'' 2004, p. 14.〕 The AFL responded by chartering a new federal employees union, the American Federation of Government Employees (AFGE), in October 1932 from several units of the NFFE which did not wish to leave the labor federation.〔DuPre, ''Your Career in Federal Civil Service,'' 1981, p. 224.〕 In 1936, the AFL chartered the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) to represent non-federal government workers in the United States.〔Billings and Greenya, ''Power to the Public Worker,'' 1974, p. 23-24.〕 In the early 1930s, a fundamental dispute occurred within the U.S. labor movement over whether to organize workers by craft or on an industry-wide basis.〔Horowitz, ''Political Ideologies of Organized Labor,'' 1977, p. 133-134.〕 After a contentious AFL convention in October 1935 (during which union leaders came to blows), eight unions engaged in industrial union organizing formed the Committee for Industrial Organizing.〔Horowitz, ''Political Ideologies of Organized Labor,'' 1977, p. 134.〕 The AFL accused them of engaging in dual unionism, and on September 10, 1936, suspended them from the national labor federation.〔Phelan, ''William Green: Biography of a Labor Leader,'' 1989, p. 141-150.〕 Efforts to reunify the two groups failed, and the Committee reconstituted itself as the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) on November 9, 1936.〔Zieger, ''The CIO, 1935-1955,'' 1995, p. 29.〕 The CIO quickly began forming unions to compete with their counterpart unions in the AFL. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「United Public Workers of America」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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